In India, which of the following is a groundwater-based irrigation source?

The correct answer is Open-well.

Key Points

• Open-wells are one of the most common sources of groundwater-based irrigation in India, particularly in rural areas.
• These wells are manually or mechanically dug to access groundwater, which is then used for irrigation purposes.
• Open-wells do not require advanced drilling technology, making them cost-effective and accessible for small and marginal farmers.
• This irrigation method relies on natural recharge processes, such as rainfall, to replenish the groundwater.
• Open-wells are widely used in regions where groundwater is available at shallow depths, such as parts of peninsular India.

Additional Information

• Groundwater Irrigation in India:
  • Groundwater irrigation accounts for nearly 63% of the total irrigated area in India, making it the largest source of irrigation.
  • It is primarily extracted using open-wells, tube wells, and bore wells.
  • States like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar are major users of groundwater for irrigation.
• Comparison with Surface Water Irrigation:
  • Surface water irrigation uses sources like rivers, canals, ponds, and tanks, while groundwater irrigation depends on aquifers and underground reserves.
  • Groundwater irrigation is independent of surface water flow, making it more reliable during dry seasons.
• Challenges of Groundwater Irrigation:
  • Over-extraction of groundwater can lead to depletion of aquifers and falling water tables.
  • Regions like Punjab and Haryana are facing critical groundwater stress due to excessive irrigation for water-intensive crops like paddy.
• Government Initiatives for Sustainable Irrigation:
  • Programs like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) aim to promote efficient water use and reduce dependence on groundwater.
  • Micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation are being encouraged to save water and ensure sustainable farming.