Which of the following Amendments has repealed Articles 19(1) (F) and 31?

The correct answer is 44th Amendment.

Key Points

• The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 repealed Articles 19(1)(f) and 31, removing the fundamental right to property.
• Property was converted from a fundamental right to a legal right under Article 300A.
• This amendment was introduced under the Morarji Desai government to reduce misuse of property-related rights.
• It was aimed at ensuring social justice and equality in property ownership.

Additional Information

• 42nd Amendment: Known as the "Mini Constitution," this amendment was enacted in 1976 under Indira Gandhi's government and brought significant changes. It added words like "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" to the Preamble, curtailed judicial review, and centralized power.
• 43rd Amendment: This amendment, enacted in 1977, reversed some provisions of the 42nd Amendment, restoring the powers of the judiciary and ensuring democratic processes.
• 44th Amendment: Apart from repealing Articles 19(1)(f) and 31, it also introduced safeguards to prevent misuse of emergency provisions and strengthened citizens' rights during emergencies.
• 73rd Amendment: Enacted in 1992, this amendment established the Panchayati Raj system, providing constitutional status to local self-governance in rural areas and ensuring decentralized governance.