Diversity of Life Forms MCQ Quiz in తెలుగు - Objective Question with Answer for Diversity of Life Forms - ముఫ్త్ [PDF] డౌన్‌లోడ్ కరెన్

The correct answer is female flowers and hermaphrodite flowers on separate individuals.

Concept:

Gynodioecious: This term is used to describe a reproductive system in certain plant species where there are two types of individuals:

• Female individuals that produce only female flowers.
• Hermaphrodite individuals that possess both male and female reproductive structures and can produce hermaphrodite flowers.

Other Options:

Female flowers and male flowers on separate individuals.

• This describes dioecious species, where there are distinct male and female plants, with male plants producing only male flowers.

Female flowers and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual.

• This describes monoecious species, where both male and female flowers are present on the same plant.

Female flowers and male flowers on the same individual.

• This also describes monoecious species, as both types of flowers (male and female) exist on the same plant.

Conclusion: Thus, the correct definition of gynodioecious species is female flowers and hermaphrodite flowers on separate individuals.

The correct answer is Basidiomycota

Explanation:

• Fungi are classified into different groups based on their reproductive structures and methods. One such group is Basidiomycota, which has distinct characteristics.
• Basidiomycota, also known as club fungi, include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi. They have septate hyphae, which means their hyphae (the thread-like structures that make up the body of the fungus) are divided by cross-walls called septa.
• Basidiomycota have septate hyphae, which provide structural support and compartmentalization within the hyphae.
• They reproduce asexually through budding (common in yeasts), conidia (asexual spores formed on the surface of conidiophores), and fragmentation (breaking off a part of the mycelium which then grows into a new organism).
• They also have a sexual reproductive stage, where they form basidia (club-shaped structures) that produce basidiospores.

Incorrect Options:

• Zygomycetes: This group of fungi, also known as Zygomycota, typically has coenocytic hyphae (non-septate) and reproduces sexually by forming zygospores. They do not reproduce by budding or conidia.
• Chytrids: Chytridiomycota have simple, mostly unicellular structures, and their hyphae, if present, are typically aseptate. They reproduce primarily through motile spores called zoospores.
• Glomeromycota: These fungi form arbuscular mycorrhizae with the roots of plants. Their hyphae are coenocytic (non-septate), and they reproduce asexually by producing large, multinucleate spores called glomerospores.

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e.A - ii, B - iii, C - i, D - iv

Key Points

A. Heteroblastic -

• Heteroblastic plants are plants that exhibit distinct changes in leaf shape, size,or other characteristics as they grow from seedlings to mature plants.
• These changes can occur at different stages of their development, leading to variations in their foliage.
• It's a phenomenon commonly observed in many plant species.

B. Phanerogams -

• Phanerogams are a group of seed-producing plants that belong to the division Spermatophyta.
• They are also known as seed plants. Phanerogams are characterized by the production of seeds within specialized structures, such as flowers or cones.
• They include two major groups: gymnosperms, which produce seeds in cones, and angiosperms, which produce seeds enclosed within fruits or flowers.

C. Hemicryptophytes -

• These are a type of plant life from categorized based on their growth and survival strategies.
• They are perennial plants that have buds located close to the soil surface, often at or just below ground level.
• These buds allow the plants to regrow from the ground after winter or adverse conditions.
• Hemicryptophytes typically shows various adaptations to endure harsh environmental conditions, such as cold temperatures, drought,or grazing.

D. Hermaphrodite -

• Hermaphrodite, in biological terms, refers to an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs.
• This means that hermaphrodites are capable of producing both egg and sperms, and they have the ability to self fertilize, or they can mate with another individual of the same species to reproduce.

Corrected Table:

Hence, correct option is 4.

Concept:

• Fossils are remains of a once-living organism that is preserved by nature. 
• Complete fossils can take anywhere from 10,000 years to hundreds of thousands of years to form due to the complex process of fossilization.
• Depending upon the type of fossilization processes, unique fossils are formed. 
• Fossil types -  

1. Petrified fossils - The meaning of the word petrifaction is "turning into stones".This type of fossil is created when an organism's body parts are replaced by minerals.  Water seeps through the layer of sediments to reach the dead creature because it is rich in dissolved minerals. Only the materials that have solidified are left behind when water evaporates. Plant parts are being replaced molecule by molecule by minerals like iron, pyrites, silicates, carbonates, sulphates, etc. The cells and tissues of the plant become impregnated and impregnated with these minerals. 
2. Mold and cast -  A mold is formed when an organism's hard tissues are buried in sediment like sand, silt, or clay and over time, the hard component totally disappears, leaving a hollow space with an organism's shape. The mold is converted to cast when the hollow interior is filled with water where the mineral sediments left behind in the create a cast. 
3. Carbon films - Carbon films are formed when an organism dies and is buried in sediment and a thin layer of carbon is formed on an organism’s delicate parts like leaves or plants.
4. Trace fossils - These show the activity of an organism, for example, footprint.
5. Preserved remains - It is formed when organisms are preserved in their original form. For example, an insect trap in the tree's resin. 
6. Compression - In this type of fossil, organic remains of the plant has remained in the fossils and it shows the outline of the organism.
7. Impression - This type of fossil are just an impression of the plant on the sediment.

Explanation: 

• Aglaophyton major was first originally describes as Rhynia major by Kidston and Lang in 1920.
•  D.S. Edwards, n 1986 re-examined fossil specimens of Rhynia major and reported that actually, they did not contain true vascular tissue, rather they have a conducting tissue that is more similar to that of bryophytes.
• Originally the plant was interpreted as a tracheophyte, based on the fact that the stem has a simple central vascular cylinder. Interpretation made recently in the light of additional data indicated that Rhynia major had water-conducting tissue that lacks the secondary thickening bars that are normally seen in the xylem of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, more like the water-conducting system (hydrome) of moss sporophytes.
• Hence, Edwards in 1986 reinterpreted Rhynia major as a non-vascular plant and renamed it Aglaophyton major. 
• Hence, the correct answer is option 3. 

The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Cyanobacteria and Euglenophyta.

Explanation-

• The biological species concept, defines species in terms of interbreeding.
• According to Ernst Mayr, species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Reproductively isolated means that members of the species do not interbreed with members of other species.
• Biological species concept is not applicable in bacteria due to the lack of sexual reproduction.
• Cyanobacteria (a group of bacteria capable of photosynthesis) and Euglenophyta (a group of unicellular protists) typically reproduce asexually through processes like binary fission or multiple fission.
• Therefore, the concept of reproductive isolation based on sexual reproduction is not directly relevant to these organisms

Concept:

• The well-known bacterium symbiont of legume plants' root nodules that fixes nitrogen is called rhizobium.
• It's interesting to note that this soil microorganism also forms organic, unavoidable, and occasionally advantageous endophytic associations with important cereal crops like rice, maize, and wheat.
• This alternate ecological niche of Rhizobium can be exploited in sustainable agriculture in the form of efficient biofertilizers that are inoculated on the cereal plant host at planting and can significantly promote its growth, while reducing its need for chemical fertilizer applications to achieve maximum grain yield.

Explanation:

• Rhizobium is a type of soil bacteria that is commonly found in the root nodules of leguminous plants, such as beans, peas, and alfalfa.
• These bacteria have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use, which is essential for plant growth and development.
• Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with its host plant.
• The bacteria enter the plant root and form specialized structures called nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through the process of nitrogen fixation.
• The plant provides the bacteria with nutrients and a protective environment, while the bacteria provide the plant with a source of nitrogen.
• Rhizobium is an aerobic bacterium, which means it requires oxygen to survive. It is also a chemotroph, which means it obtains energy through the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds.
• In the case of Rhizobium, the bacteria obtain energy from the organic compounds provided by the host plant.
• Rhizobium is not a free-living bacterium, meaning it cannot survive outside of its symbiotic relationship with a host plant.
• It is dependent on the plant for its survival and obtains its energy and nutrients from the host plant.
• In summary, Rhizobium is a symbiotic, aerobic, and chemotrophic bacterium that is essential for the growth and development of leguminous plants.
• It forms specialized structures within the plant root, called nodules, where it converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by the plant.

Hence the correct answer is option 4.

Concept:

• Dinoflagellates are a group of unicellular protists that can be identified using the light microscope, and are (usually) recognized by their golden-brown plastids, assimilative cell with indented waist, distinctive swimming pattern, and relatively large nucleus that contains visible chromosomes.
• The name dinoflagellate comes from dinos (Greek) “whirling,” which describes their distinctive swimming pattern, and flagellum (Latin) “a whip.”
• Freshwater dinoflagellates, including one of the most identified unicells in all the plankton, Ceratium hirundinella 

Explanation:

• Currently, there are about 250-300 species of freshwater dinoflagellates known worldwide, and about 150 have been reported from North America.
• Freshwater dinoflagellates are diverse in shape and growth habit, occurring mainly as single cells either in the plankton or attached to substrates such as algal filaments and as nonmotile resting stages in the sediments.
• Historically, individual dinoflagellate taxa have been described as unarmored (naked/athecate) or as thecate (armored with cellulose plates), although it is increasingly realized that some if not many species originally thought to be unarmored actually possess very thin thecal plates that are difficult to observe.
• Dinoflagellates are perhaps best known to the public as the source of red tides leading to fish and other marine animal kills, as well as various types of human illness caused by their toxins: paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera. 
• Dinoflagellates are neither plants nor animals, but many have plant-like characteristics such as photosynthesis, cellulose-containing walls, and synthesis of starch as an energy storage product.
• Animal-like features of many dinoflagellates include phagotrophy (feeding on prey or hosts), rapid swimming, eyespots, and trichocys.
• Their cells contain chlorophylls a and c and reproduction in dinoflagellates is primarily asexual through binary fission. 

Concept:

• The guidelines and suggestions pertaining to the scientific naming of the official names given to the plants are referred to as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
• Each taxonomic group of plants should only have one valid name that is widely accepted, according to the ICBN.
• As a result, it will be simpler and more effective to research and identify those plants.

​Explanation:

• When the holotype of a species has not been assigned by the name's original author at the time of publication, a specimen is referred to as a lectotype.
• To put it another way, a lectotype is a specimen designated as the type specimen when the original name-giver did not specify a holotype for that specific material and description.
• The best place to choose a lectotype is from the original material or syntypes.
• Therefore, syntypes should always be considered and chosen before lectotypes whenever lectotypes are chosen.
• A specimen chosen to replace a species' nomenclatural type is known as a neotype.
• Typically, a neotype is designated when the holotype is lost or destroyed.
• Although an original description has been published, there is no nomenclatural type specimen.
• A specimen is then chosen to serve as the description's type material; this specimen is known as the neotype.
• In contrast to lectotypes, neotypes have a holotype that was chosen by the name's original originator. But it is misplaced or silenced.
• As a result, the nomenclatural type for the initial description is a neotype.
• Neotypes can be chosen from any specimen that matches the traits of the specified type, despite the fact that there are some guidelines for their selection. As a result, the best specimen is chosen as the neotype.

Since species A's type had never been selected, while species B's type specimen for that species had been designated but was absent so both are neotypes according to the explanation above.

  hence the correct answer is option 2

Concept:

• Metamorphosis refers to the process of distinct developmental changes that an organism undergoes during its life cycle, resulting in a dramatic alteration in its body form and physiology.
• It is commonly observed in various groups of animals, including insects, amphibians, and some marine invertebrates.
• There are two major types of metamorphosis observed in insects:
  • Complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)
  • Incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)

Complete Metamorphosis - 

• It is characterized by distinct and well-defined stages of development.
• It involves four stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
• Each stage is morphologically and ecologically distinct from the others, serving different functions in the life cycle of the organism.
  • The larvae, commonly known as caterpillars or grubs, have specialized structures and behaviors that enable them to feed and grow rapidly.
  • They are morphologically distinct from their adult forms.
  • After the larval stage, the organism enters the pupal stage, during which it undergoes a dramatic transformation inside a protective cocoon or chrysalis.
  • Finally, the adult insect emerges from the pupa, often with wings, and is sexually mature.
• Complete metamorphosis allows for efficient resource utilization, reduced competition between life stages, and increased specialization for specific ecological niches.
• Examples of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis include butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, and bees.

Incomplete Metamorphosis - 

• Here, the developmental changes are less drastic, and the transition from one stage to another is more gradual and less distinct.
• The life cycle consists of three stages - egg, nymph, and adult.
  • The nymphs closely resemble the adults but are smaller and lack functional wings.
  • Over a series of molts, the nymphs grow in size and develop wings until they reach the adult stage.
• In this type of metamorphosis, the juvenile stages (nymphs) occupy the same ecological niche as the adults and have similar feeding habits, gradually acquiring adult characteristics as they mature.
• Grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, and true bugs are examples of insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis.

Important Points

Some common Orders & Their metamorphosis types - 

Therefore, Coleopterans, Dipterans and Hymenopterans are the orders that all show complete metamorphosis.

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Concept:

• Alternation of generations is a unique reproductive strategy observed in plants, where they exhibit alternating phases of gametophyte generation and a sporophyte generation.
• The plant life cycle transitions between these two distinct phases.

Gametophyte phase -

• It is the haploid phase, where the plant produces gametes through mitosis.
• These gametes fuse during fertilization to form a zygote, which develops into the sporophyte phase.

Sporophyte phase -

• This is the diploid phase, where the plant produces spores through meiosis.
• These spores are released and germinate to develop into new gametophytes, thereby completing the life cycle.

Important Points

Mosses -

• Mosses belong to Bryophyta, that are non-vascular plants i.e., lack true vascular tissues.
• They have a dominant gametophyte stage in their lifecycle, with the sporophyte stage being short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte.
• Mosses also reproduce through spores rather than seeds.

Ferns -

• Ferns belong to the Pteridophyta and possess all the given plant traits.
• They have a dominant sporophyte stage in their lifecycle, which is the larger and more conspicuous phase of the plant.
• Ferns also have well-developed vascular tissues, including xylem and phloem, which allow them to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.
• However, unlike seed plants, ferns reproduce via spores rather than seeds.

Cycads -

• Cycads are a group of Gymnosperms that are naked-seed plants and have a sporophyte-dominant lifecycle.
• They also possess vascular tissues for efficient nutrient transport.
• However, unlike ferns, cycads produce seeds, which are structures that enclose and protect the developing embryo.

Monocots -

• Monocots are a group of flowering plants or Angiosperms.
• They are characterized by having a single cotyledon in their embryo.
• While monocots possess vascular tissues and have a dominant sporophyte stage, they differ from ferns in that they reproduce through seeds.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.