Branches of Psychology MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Branches of Psychology - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The philosophy of education is a vast field that deals with the concepts, ideologies, and theories that help us in understanding the core functioning of the education system.

Key Points

• The philosophy of education is a branch that deals with the aims and purposes of education.
• It helps in analyzing the problem of education and what necessary steps should be taken to over the problem.
• The philosophies of education include-
  • Essentialism,
  • Perennialism,
  • Progressivism,
  • Existentialism,
  • Behaviourism,
  • Constructivism,
  • conservatism, and
  • Humanism.
• It is a multi-disciplinary approach that deals with education as a subject.
• Philosophy of education has various ideologies and theories that help teachers to better understand the child and enhance their learning outcome.
• Philosophy deals with the development of a child in all aspects and also tells us about the teaching-learning strategies that need to be used in a particular situation to enhance learning. 

Thus to conclude, The need for teaching philosophy of education is that different philosophies express different points of view on every aspect of education. 

Education Psychology is a part of your course on Behavioural Sciences.

• Educational psychology by its very nature is dynamic and constantly evolving from childhood till death. Man learns by his intelligence, ability and motivation.
• It helps the teacher to foster harmonious overall development of the student.

Key PointsThe basic aim of education is to modify behaviour. Any modification of behaviour presupposes a knowledge of the development of behaviour. Psychology as a science helps to understand, control and predict behaviour.

• Psychologists, through scientific descriptions of human behaviour and the organic and emotional requirement of the human organism at multiple levels, with individual children, groups of children, parents and at the organizational level , have had a profound influence upon the objectives of educations.
• The goal of education is to help the individual become increasingly self-directive. The teachers have a unique responsibility for teaching certain types of knowledge, skills and developing certain attitudes.

Therefore, it concludes that an educational psychologist works at multiple levels, with individual children, groups of children, parents and at the organizational level.

Educational Psychology is the psychology of applying psychological activity, techniques, and rules in the field of Education.

Key Points There are some important characteristics of Educational Psychology.

• Educational Psychology is a systematic study of children in the field of Education.
• In this psychology, there is deep knowledge of the education field in the process of teaching and learning.
• This type of psychology is an application of psychological laws and theories in educational settings.
• In this psychology, a teacher learns very important things that improve his teaching skills.
• Educational Psychology is the study of the educational growth and development of child.

​In this, we can say that educational psychology is not a normative science.

Hint

• Normative Science: It is a science that deals with logic, ethics, etc.

Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience. There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc.

• These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.
• Humanism is a philosophy that stresses the importance of human factors rather than looking at religious, divine, or spiritual matters.
• It stresses the importance of human values and dignity. It proposes that people can resolve problems through the use of science and reason.

Key Points 

• Humanistic psychology is a perspective focused on people’s ability to direct their own lives. Abraham Maslow is considered to be the founder of Humanistic Psychology.
• Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer but through the eyes of the person doing the behavior.
• Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual's behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image.
• The key features are free will, freedom to choose one’s destiny, strive for self-actualization, and achievement of one’s own potential. 
• Rather than concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.

Thus, it is concluded that Abraham Maslow is considered to be the founder of Humanistic Psychology.

According to Wood worth, “Psychology is the science of activities of the individual in relation to the environment.”

• Psychology is the science of mutual interaction between an organism and its environment.
• It is the study of adjustment to the environment.

Key Points Modern psychology is related to the study of behavior. According to Pillsbury, "Psychology has been most satisfactorily defined as the science of human behavior."

• Wundt is traditionally recognized as the father of modern psychology.
• The behavior of man is influenced or conditioned by many factors.
• But behavior also manifests by itself.
• It can be observed and measured.
• Study of the behavior of humans through experimentation and observation.
•  It describes, explains, and controls behavior and mental processes. 
• It is the study of conscious and unconscious behavior which includes feelings and thoughts.
• It is the study of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor behavior.

Thus, it is concluded that the study of modern psychology is related to behavior.

Additional Information

Leadership is defined as the ability to influence others to achieve certain goals. A good leader can significantly influence the behavior, attitude, and performance of the followers.

Key Points Study of psychology helps us to develop a basic understanding of human nature and facilitates dealing with a number of personal and social problems. The knowledge of Psychology is important because: 

• Psychology sheds light on the behavior of humans and helps us to understand why we act the way we do. 
• This field offers insights into our human experiences and helps us to connect with others.
•  It not only studies human beings across the life span but also tries to explore mental processes and potentials in order to facilitate achieving a better quality of life.
• Psychology is the study of human behavior.
• It is the scientific method that helps to uncover the processes of the mind.
• Psychology studies offer new perspectives on human development.
• Psychology helps to understand the situation.
• Psychology as the study of mental processes tries to investigate the activities happening in the brain. 
• The mental processes include perception, learning, remembering, and thinking.
• Psychology is the main unit of investigation of the individual human being and his or her experiences, mental processes, and behaviors.

Thus, it is concluded that knowledge of Psychology subject is most important for a leader.

The correct answer is B.F. Skinner.

Key Points

• Psychology is defined as the science of behaviour that can be observed and measured.
• The following are the two broad branches of psychology:
  • Pure Psychology: It provides the framework and principles.
  • Applied Psychology: Theory generated when pure psychology was applied practically

Important Points

• There are many statements given by different psychologists on educational psychology some of these are-
• Stephen: According to Stephen “Educational psychology is the systematic study of the educational growth and development of a child”.
• B.F. Skinner: "Educational Psychology is that branch of Psychology which deals with Teaching and Learning".
• Thorndike: Father of Educational Psychology.

Hence, it can be concluded that the above statement is given by Skinner.

Albert Bandura's cognitive theory posits that learning involves mental processes like attention, memory, and thinking. It highlights the role of observation, self-efficacy, and personal agency in shaping behavior and development.

Key Points

• Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes that individuals learn not only through direct experiences with reinforcement and punishment ( but also by observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
• This concept is often referred to as "social learning" or "observational learning."
• It highlights the influence of social interactions and role models on the acquisition of new behaviors and skills.

Additional Information

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory of learning encompasses several key principles, including:

1. Observational Learning: Individuals learn by observing the behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes experienced by others. 

2. Self-Efficacy: Bandura emphasized the importance of self-efficacy, which is an individual's belief in their own ability to perform a particular task or achieve a specific goal.

3. Reciprocal Determinism: Bandura proposed that personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact and influence each other. 

4. Triadic Reciprocal Causation: This principle expands on reciprocal determinism by emphasizing the interplay between personal factors (e.g., beliefs, emotions), behavioral factors (e.g., actions), and environmental factors (e.g., social context). 

5. Self-Regulation: Bandura's theory emphasizes that individuals can actively control and regulate their behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Self-regulation involves setting goals, monitoring progress, and using strategies to achieve desired outcomes. 

So, the correct answer is 2) Observational learning plays a crucial role in shaping behavior.

The correct answer is Shaping.

Key Points

• Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the Classical conditioning theory which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
• Spontaneous Recovery:
  • It refers to the unplanned recovery of previously extinct responses.
• Extinction:
  • If only a conditioned stimulus is being presented repeatedly without associating with the unconditioned one, the desired behaviour (salivation) faded and stopped to occur.
• Excitation refers to the ability of a novel stimulus to trigger a response.
  • In a by-now-legendary experiment, Pavlov paired a sound (the ticking of a metronome; the ringing of a bell: a neutral stimulus that by itself does not cause salivation) with the placement of food in a dog's mouth.

Hence Shaping component is not related to the classical conditioning theory of learning.

Additional Information 

• Concepts related to classical conditioning:
  • Neutral Stimulus: 
    • It is a stimulus that is not responsible directly for the desired response in the neutral condition.
  • Conditioned Response:
    • The behaviour or response that occurred due to a conditioned stimulus, is known as a conditioned response, e.g. salivation on the sound of the trainer's footsteps coming down the stairs is a conditional reflex.
  • Unconditional Response: 
    • The behaviour which does not require any training or conditioning for association with an unconditioned stimulus. e.g. salivation is the unconditioned response to food as the unconditioned stimulus.
  •  Unconditional Stimulus: 
    • It is a stimulus that does not require any conditioning for desired behaviour.
    • Sometimes it is known as a natural stimulus also, e.g. Food is an unconditioned stimulus for salivation.
  • Conditional Stimulus: 
    • When a neutral stimulus is conditioned with an unconditioned stimulus for bringing desired behaviour change, it becomes a conditioned stimulus.

The correct answer is Displacement.

Key Points

• The defence mechanism refers to the unconscious mechanism proposed by Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna Freud as a strategy to reduce anxiety and unacceptable impulses.
• It helps us a lot in dealing with stress.
• "When an employee is not able to show his anger to his office then after coming at home he shows anger on his wife and children." this is a Displacement type of defence mechanism.